PCS VI Exam 1 Practice

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• Which arch can have teeth with three roots?
• Which of the following is a noted consideration of opioid use?
• Which of the following is a unilateral differential diagnosis for epistaxis in horses?
• Which is NOT a unilateral differential for epistaxis?
• Hypotonic crystalloids cause cell volume to do what?
• MODS stands for
• In the dog case, which condition was explicitly listed as a differential diagnosis for the skin issue?
• In the presented canine case, what is the age and breed of the dog?
• When evaluating a horse with nasal discharge or epistaxis, what is the first factor you should determine?
• What 3 things contribute to stroke volume?
• Dissociative agents have which features?
• Envelope flaps are characterized by the absence of which releasing incision?
• During dehydration, mentation is typically described as?
• A rectal examination of a colicky foal reveals no abnormalities. Which conditions does this finding help to rule out?
• Induction dosing is typically administered in what manner?
• Primary sinusitis is a diagnosis of ________
• ________ have a cutting tip used to assess the sectioning of teeth.
• What is the daily maintenance fluid rate for giant dogs?
• In these feline cases, which pathogen is commonly considered in nasal disease differential diagnoses?
• Which cardiovascular effect is most commonly from potassium shift in uroabdomen?
• Which of the following is true about the opioids methadone, hydromorphone, and fentanyl?
• A dog weighing 10 kg requires approximately how many milliliters for its IV shock dose?
• Which option is an indirect cause of respiratory complications in trauma patients?
• Which vascular change is characteristic of SIRS?
• Which blade sizes are used for sulcular incisions in dogs and cats respectively?
• During extraction site closure, what should be ensured about the gingival collar?
• Short-acting glucocorticoids have a duration of less than how many hours?
• _______ ________: using low doses of multiple agents, individually tailored and carefully titrated, helps minimize adverse effects and safely manage polytrauma patients
• What does the abbreviation 'Rads' stand for in upper airway diagnostics?
• CRIs can be used with which two approaches?
• Which clinical signs are suggestive of enterocolitis in a foal?
• What type of fluid is plasma considered in fluid therapy?
• In deep sedation, which combination correctly reflects ventilatory support, oxygen concentration, monitoring, protective reflexes, and intubation?
• At the start of resuscitation, what fraction of the shock dose should be given?
• A 4 kg cat has 7% dehydration. Estimated fluid deficit is which of the following?
• In emergent procedural sedation, how is the lecture described?
• Which suture material is described for closing tooth extraction sites?
• Kona, a 4-year-old castrated American Shorthair cat, presents with right nasal congestion, sneezing, mucopurulent discharge, epistaxis, naris non-patent, and swelling over the nose. What diagnostics would you perform?
• Hypotonic crystalloids have what relative tonicity compared to the extracellular fluid?
• Which pair best describes two goals of premedication?
• Key considerations of opioids include which of the following?
• What term best describes a colloid according to the material?
• Create a moat at the which aspects of the tooth root to gain leverage with tools?
• Which two outcomes define proper flap design after tooth extraction?
• What is the recommended approach to pain management during dental procedures in small animals?
• Envelope flaps are used for which teeth?
• Which diagnostics help r/o meconium impaction in a foal?
• Which of the following is a differential diagnosis for a foal presenting with colic?
• The reversal for alpha 2 agonists is:
• Which item is NOT part of the classic trauma triad?
• Missy’s case notes indicate she is a 2-year-old spayed domestic medium haired cat. What is her age and gender?
• Telazol is particularly effective for fractious cats and has rough recovery in which species?
• Blue, a 6-year-old castrated Catahoula hog dog presents with chronic left epistaxis, mucoid left nasal discharge, foul odor, and nasal planum ulceration. What is the top differential diagnosis?
• Hypernatremia is described as the hallmark of dehydration and triggers which part of the nervous system?
• What was Clancy's respiratory rate?
• Normal cerebral perfusion pressure is ____ mmHg.
• Which flap type is commonly used for incisors?
• What was noted about Clancy's pupils?
• Can CRIs provide analgesia?
• In Mila the 6-year-old Doberman, which three problems were identified as the main issues?
• During flap elevation, the flap should be tightly adhered at which junction?
• Dogs have how many three-rooted maxillary teeth?
• Which of the following is an isotonic crystalloid?
• Which diagnostic examination is recommended for evaluating suspected nasopharyngeal polyps in a cat?
• Rosie's T-FAST result indicated which finding?
• Which of the following is an example of a long-acting glucocorticoid?
• Sedation is characterized by which combination of effects? Sleep-like state; muscle relaxation; reduced ______.
• During flap elevation, the approach should be at which angle?
• ACTH stimulation test will rule ______ Addison's disease.
• Cats have how many three-rooted maxillary teeth?
• Nasopharyngeal polyps occur in which age group of cats?
• Which breed is described in the Belgian Malinois case associated with chronic nasal disease?
• What is the IV shock dose for volume depletion in dogs?
• What is the top differential diagnosis for Rosie based on the case?
• GP empyema, sinusitis, and fungal rhinitis all present with ______ purulent nasal discharge.
• TIVA uses which type of drugs only?
• Which diagnostic tests are used to assess the upper airway?
• After a 7-day prednisone course of 40 mg, the recommended taper duration is over how long?
• Features of alpha 2 agonists include:
• What is the approximate duration of long-acting glucocorticoids?
• What is the triad of trauma?
• What does 'PE' stand for in the context of upper airway assessment?
• What are the classic electrolyte changes seen with ruptured bladder in foals?
• Which diagnostic modality is most useful to rule out small intestinal volvulus, intussusception, or abdominal hernias in a foal with colic?
• Which of the following is a characteristic sign of dehydration?
• A 20 kg dog with 5% dehydration has an estimated fluid deficit of?
• What is the daily maintenance fluid rate for horses or cows?
• Cardiovascular instability in trauma: ______tension - ______cardia
• How do you approach acidosis in a trauma patient?
• IL-31 plays a role in which clinical symptom commonly seen with dermatitis?
• For a 500 kg horse, the approximate IV shock dose is about how many liters?
• Which statement best describes plasma in the context of fluid therapy?
• Which clinical signs are most consistent with SI volvulus or intussusception in a foal?
• Which blocks can be performed for maxillary teeth?
• Which option lists the four goals of premeds?
• Which glucocorticoid would you give this itchy dog?
• A pedicle flap should have which directional cuts?
• Uroabdomen is an emergency.
• In sulcular incisions for cats, which blade size is used?
• Missy, a 2-year-old spayed domestic medium haired cat, is presented for chronic nasal congestion and stertor. What are your top 3 differential diagnoses?
• Bacterial rhinitis is almost always secondary to underlying disease.
• Large molecules in colloid solutions remain in which space?
• If a patient has surface pyoderma only, does it need systemic antibiotics?
• Which of the following is a blood product that acts as a colloid?
• What are the primary electrolytes of crystalloid fluids?
• What is the rapid-infusion dose for hypertonic crystalloids in horses?
• Which finding helps differentiate bacterial infection from parasitic infestation in this case?
• What is the purpose of a MAC-sparing effect in CRIs?
• What teeth in cats are 3 rooted?
• What are 6 indirect causes of respiratory complications in a trauma patient?
• Volume depletion involves which fluid compartment loss and is a what kind of event?
• Which of the following is a bilateral differential diagnosis for epistaxis in horses?
• Which among the following is NOT an example of a colloid?
• Which supplement is explicitly listed as part of uroabdomen foal treatment?
• Volume depletion involves loss of body water and electrolytes. Which component is lost?
• Where should suturing start when closing extraction sites?
• In cats, which teeth are three-rooted according to common dental numbering?
• A patient with more than 10% dehydration is categorized as which level?
• Deep sedation and general anesthesia are the same.
• What suture is used to close tooth extraction sites?
• Which statement best summarizes the extraction site closure protocol described?
• What are the differential diagnoses given for Mila's metabolic abnormalities?
• Which agent among the following is commonly used to provide analgesia during anesthesia?
• How can we increase myocardial contractility to raise stroke volume and cardiac output in a trauma patient?
• Which patients require caution with sedation?
• Clinical signs of dehydration are first observed with what percent of total body water loss?
• With dehydration, which fluid compartment's volume is lost and it occurs over time?
• What diagnostics would you perform for Blue?
• What is the purpose of sulcular incisions?
• Which of the following is a characteristic sign of volume depletion?
• In Rosie’s NOVA results, which finding indicates anemia?
• What are key considerations when using benzodiazepines?
• Which of the following is listed as a potential additional treatment for this case?
• After your physical examination, what diagnostic would you perform first?
• Rank the maintenance rates from lowest to highest among giant dogs, adult cats, horses/cows, and small dogs.
• In evaluating an EQ upper airway CT, the described status is:
• Choke is a(n) _______ obstruction.
• Which equation represents cardiac output?
• Which parameter changes from deep sedation to general anesthesia?
• Which tests help rule out enterocolitis (septicemia) in a foal?
• Dexmedetomidine and zenalpha are in which drug class?
• Which of the following are features of alfaxalone?
• Which grip is used to perform sulcular incisions?
• Which procedure removes rough, irregular, or sharp bone before closing the gingiva?
• What is a common complication of tooth extraction site closures?
• If heart rate increases while stroke volume remains constant, what happens to cardiac output?
• Is the following statement true: An anti-inflammatory dose of steroids given for less than 10-14 days typically does not require tapering.
• Which species is more likely to develop tooth resorption?
• When closing tooth extraction sites, what are the recommended suture spacing and tag length?
• MAP = _______ x ________
• What is a key consideration when using dissociative agents?
• Complete the GOAL: reduce _____ to all the staff involved.
• What are the main problems identified for the Clancy patient?
• Telazol is great for fractious ______ and tends to have rough recovery in ______.
• Which disease is a common differential for chronic nasal disease in dogs?
• What does dehiscence refer to in the context of extraction site closures?
• Which of the following would be a plausible unilateral cause of epistaxis in a horse?
• Abdominal ultrasound shows no abnormalities in the stomach, small intestine, or kidneys, but there is anechoic fluid in all quadrants. Which conditions can be ruled out by this finding?
• How do you prevent or manage aspiration pneumonia in a sedated patient?
• _________: combination of tissue injury, blood loss, and inflammation in multiple areas requiring urgent or emergent patient care
• Which option below is a fungal infection that can cause upper airway disease with nasal discharge in horses?
• Which clinical signs are most suggestive of meconium impaction in a foal?
• Which of the following is a congenital digestive tract abnormality that could be a differential diagnosis for foal colic?
• What is the IV shock dose for volume depletion in horses?
• Which fluid type is most effective at expanding the extracellular fluid (ECF) compartment?
• In the same canine nasal disease case, which side showed decreased airflow on exam?
• How is the fluid deficit calculated from dehydration percentage?
• In uroabdomen, the dorsal bladder wall is the most common rupture location.
• Which of the following is NOT a feature of alpha 2 agonists?
• In uroabdomen–associated hyperkalemia, potassium moves ______.
• Reported mortality with sedation is about ______ of GA.
• Within how many hours does 47-61% of postoperative mortality occur?
• Which test result would most strongly support a diagnosis of nasal squamous cell carcinoma in a dog with unilateral nasal disease?
• How do you prevent or manage cardiac arrhythmias and hypotension in a sedated patient?
• Which of the following is NOT a listed complication of sedation?
• Crystalloids mimic the composition of which body fluid compartment?
• What are 3 direct causes of respiratory complications in a trauma patient?
• What is the anti-inflammatory dose of prednisolone in horses?
• In the case referenced, which breed is the horse?
• Hypertonic solution cautions/contraindications: which statement is true?
• Cleo, an 8-year-old spayed Swiss Mountain dog with unilateral nasal discharge (left > right), nasal stertor, difficulty breathing through the nose, and a firm mandibular lymph node. What are the top four differential diagnoses?
• Key considerations of alpha 1 agonists include which of the following?
• Which are examples of intermediate-acting glucocorticoids?
• What does TIVA stand for in CRI terminology?
• Which drug listed is a CRI analgesia option that also functions as a local anesthetic?
• What are the top 3 differential diagnoses in a foal with colic?
• Cleo’s diagnostic plan would include which combination of tests?
• Which statement about dissociative agents is true?
• Which test can help rule out meconium impaction in a foal?
• How do you prevent or manage apnea in a sedated patient?
• Which liver enzyme is normally elevated in growing foals and should not be overinterpreted if it is high?
• How do you prevent or manage hypoxemia in a sedated patient?
• Dynamic endoscopy is indicated when there is suspicion of upper airway disease despite a normal exam at rest.
• Which fluid type is indicated for large-volume fluid administration?
• Which combination best supports a diagnosis of shock in Rosie?
• True or False: For cats, the risk of death under sedation is 0.12% and under GA is 0.26%.
• Induction: - ideally _____ - give ______ to effect - pre________
• For unilateral nasal disease with copious mucopurulent discharge and absent airflow on one side, which diagnostic approach would be most informative?
• What MAP is targeted for adequate cerebral perfusion in traumatic brain injury patients?
• Which diagnostics help r/o enterocolitis (septicemia) in a foal?
• What is the maximum KCl infusion rate per kilogram per hour?
• General anesthesia typically uses how much oxygen supplementation?
• What premeds should be used in polytrauma patient?
• How should you decide on the size of elevators?
• What is the age of the horse in the described case?
• How do you diagnose equine asthma? (its gold standard)
• Which combination of tests would you use to confirm a ruptured urinary bladder in a foal?
• How is bradycardia treated/approached in a trauma patient?
• Oronasal fistula is a differential diagnosis for nasal discharge with feed material.
• Which are examples of short-acting glucocorticoids?
• Which route(s) of administration are available for alfaxalone?
• Intermediate-acting glucocorticoids have a duration of how many hours?
• What does PIVA stand for in CRI terminology?
• Are hypotonic crystalloids commonly used? Why or why not?
• The ______ teeth can have 3 roots. Which is it?
• What was Clancy's body condition score (BCS)?
• Which of the following can only be given IV?
• Which diagnostics help r/o ruptured urinary bladder in a foal?
• PIVA - combined with _______
• Rosie NOVA results show which of the following?
• Which statement best describes ALP in foals?
• Which two cases share an identical diagnostic plan consisting of CT, rhinoscopy, biopsy, and histopath?
• Which opioid is described as a partial mu agonist for mild to moderate pain?
• Aspergillosis is a common fungal cause of nasal disease in which species?
• Which of the following are features of benzodiazepines?
• During flap elevation, where should you start the elevation?
• Isotonic crystalloids are commonly used for which indication?
• An IgG snap test result of greater than 800 mg/dL indicates which condition is unlikely?
• What could be causing the bradyarrhythmia in Mila?
• The statement 'There is no single sedation protocol that works safely and effectively for all patients or procedures' is
• In sulcular incisions for dogs, which blade size is used?
• What was Clancy's heart rate recorded at presentation?
• Vasodilation -> _____ SVR
• Which prednisone dosing option describes 40 mg for 7 days with taper over 2 weeks?
• In a foal with ruptured bladder, which pattern of potassium, sodium, and chloride would you expect?
• Which combination of diagnostics helps rule out ruptured urinary bladder in a foal?
• Traumatic brain injury patients will have which state of intracranial pressure?
• Which of the following is part of the commonly cited complications of sedation?
• What is the layman's term for equine asthma?
• JAK inhibitors are used in this case as what type of therapy?
• Which of the following is included in initial uroabdomen management?
• In patients with traumatic brain injury, we need to maintain a MAP that is higher than 70 mmHg for adequate perfusion and EtCO2 that is lower, around which range?
• GP empyema and thoracic dz present with ______ purulent nasal discharge.
• Based on hypoglycemia and high body condition score, which two differential diagnoses were listed?
• Which instrument combination accompanies blade use in sulcular incisions?
• Pedicle mucoperiosteal flaps have how many releasing incisions?
• Cytology revealed squamous cell carcinoma and marked neutrophilic inflammation. What is the diagnosis?
• Which pace is recommended for draining peritoneal fluid in uroabdomen management?
• Which signs are consistent with moderate dehydration (8-10%)?
• Which species is associated with an IV shock dose of approximately 50 ml/kg?
• Are there reversals for induction agents such as ketamine, telazole, alfaxalone, and propofol?
• Cerebral perfusion pressure is calculated as which difference?
• In dehydration, jugular fill is typically what?
• What is the most commonly torn area when creating a flap?
• Which of the following is a determinant of stroke volume?
• Do inhalant anesthetics provide analgesia?
• What suture pattern is used to close tooth extraction sites?
• In Rosie's case, prolonged PT and PTT most strongly point to which toxin exposure?
• In a unilateral nasal disease case, which diagnostic step provides the most definitive assessment of the nasal tissues?
• Cytology of the lesion showed which of the following findings?
• How do you approach hypothermia in a trauma patient?
• Which treatments are listed as needed for the hypothetical canine patient requiring blood products and vitamin K reversal?
• What fluids and supplements are indicated for uroabdomen foals?
• Which is a GOAL of sedation?
• Dehydration primarily involves loss of fluid from which compartment?
• Which statements describe key considerations of alfaxalone?
• Are uroabdomens more common in fillies or colts?
• Are all extraction sites required to be closed?
• Which statement about blood clots during extraction site closure is correct?
• Features of opioids include:
• Which class of glucocorticoids includes prednisone as an example?
• Which blocks can be performed for mandibular teeth?
• Propofol features include which of the following?
• When does uroabdomen usually present in foals?
• Which fluid is NOT listed as an isotonic crystalloid in the material?
• Of the following, which provide analgesia?
• Complete the GOAL: maintain ______ at all times.
• Which diagnostic step is used to obtain histopathologic confirmation in these nasal disease cases?
• In SIRS, which of the following is true about the pattern of mediators, vascular tone, vascular permeability, and myocardial function?
• Which combination of signs would be most indicative of enterocolitis in a foal?
• Which statement best contrasts consciousness and protective reflexes between deep sedation and general anesthesia?
• What is the anti-inflammatory dose of prednisone in dogs?
• Which of the following is NOT a sequela of choke?
• What is a primary intervention for hypotension in a trauma patient?
• Which procedures are suitable for sedation?
• The reversal for opioids is:
• How can we increase preload to increase stroke volume and thus cardiac output in a trauma patient?
• The cytology description (3+ cocci with PMNs) most strongly points to which diagnosis?
• Which imaging modality is most appropriate to evaluate the sinuses when there is a history of trauma with epistaxis?
• Midazolam and diazepam belong to which drug class?
• ______ and ______ pain management is essential.
• Which clinical signs suggest a ruptured urinary bladder in a foal?
• IL-31 antibody therapy is a treatment option for which canine condition?
• Inhalant anesthetics have rapid recovery but cause cardiovascular and respiratory depression. What best describes their recovery?
• Which sizes of round carbide burs are used for bone removal?
• For yellow-white purulent nasal discharge, which is among the top differential diagnoses?
• Triangular mucoperiosteal flaps have how many releasing incisions at the line angle of the tooth?
• Severe dehydration corresponds to which percent dehydration?
• ______ (BAL/TBA) is gold standard for culture and lower airway dz.
• Which statement about the opioid activity of butorphanol is most accurate?
• Buprenorphine is described as which type of opioid?
• What is the most likely primary driver of the dog’s self-mutilation in this case?
• What are the tablet strengths available for prednisone?
• A colloid is described as what in the material?
• Cytology showing cocci with PMNs is most consistent with which condition?
• What are some complications of tooth extractions?
• Remus, a 6-year-old male castrated mixed breed dog presents with chronic sneezing and bilateral nasal discharge that now has blood. What are the top four differential diagnoses?
• General anesthesia: which statement is correct?
• What region had the eroded skin patch described on examination?
• Rehydration is needed for which condition?
• Which tests were indicated to diagnose Addison's disease in Mila?
• Of the expected electrolyte derangement with ruptured bladders, which is most concerning for the patient?
• For a 48-hour-old American Paint foal presenting with colic, which two broad aspects of signalment should you consider?
• Flap elevation: the incision should be of what thickness?
• Initial management of uroabdomen includes which of the following?
• What is the primary purpose of administering colloids such as hetastarch?
• Which of the following is NOT a contributor to mortality in dogs with polytrauma?
• Why do we drain peritoneal fluid slowly in foals with uroabdomen?
• Mild dehydration corresponds to which percent dehydration?
• True or false: Hypertonic crystalloids are the go-to fluid for dehydrated patients with intracellular fluid (ICF) contracture.
• Which statement best describes premedication goals for polytrauma patients?
• Myocardial function in the systemic inflammatory response syndrome is typically:
• Uroabdomen is a ______ and ______ emergency.
• Which type of crystalloid would most likely cause intracellular swelling?
• Which flap is more commonly used for canine teeth?
• Which equation expresses mean arterial pressure (MAP)?
• What is the primary purpose of administering a shock dose in volume depletion management?
• Rosie 2 year old spayed mixed breed dog: What are your 3 main problems?
• Which diagnostic test would you perform to sample the mandibular lymph node aspirate?
• A cat weighing 4 kg would require roughly how many milliliters for its IV shock dose?
• Which statement best describes the management approach for uroabdomen in foals?
• Trauma, sinus disease, and ethmoid hematomas all present with which pattern of epistaxis?
• Which of the following is an example of an isotonic crystalloid?
• What is the recommended end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2) range to target in traumatic brain injury patients for adequate perfusion?
• Which of the following is not listed as a respiratory complication in trauma patients?
• Rosie diagnostics would you do?
• Which item is used as a stopper during flap elevation?
• Regarding colloids, select the correct pattern for electrolyte concentrations in ECF, volume of ECF, and volume of ICF.
• Which of the following is a differential diagnosis for a dog presenting with a superficial skin patch and cytology showing cocci with PMNs?
• Which test is gold standard for culture of the lower airway disease?
• Which parasite was not observed on examination?
• BAL is ideal for ______ airway dz.
• What is the typical suture size range used for closing extraction wounds?
• Flaps must be large enough to allow for adequate what removal and to create what type of closure after tooth removal?
• Which of the following is a key initial imaging or lab step when evaluating foal colic with suspected uroabdomen?
• What clinical term describes the noisy breathing often heard with nasal obstruction in dogs?
• What can you combine with propofol for induction?
• Envelope flaps extend just past the furcation to expose the furcation on which rooted teeth?
• Which statement is true regarding epistaxis patterns in horses?
• Rehydration replaces which fluid compartment?
• Under general anesthesia, intubation is:
• If the CBC reveals severely low platelets, what is the most likely diagnosis?
• Which imaging modality is most informative for evaluating unilateral nasal disease and planning a biopsy?
• Butorphanol is classified as what type of opioid receptor activity?
• What is the daily maintenance fluid rate for small dogs?
• Isotonic crystalloids maintain cell size when surrounded by electrolyte solutions that mimic extracellular fluid. What is the effect on cell size?
• Which option correctly identifies the three-rooted cat teeth by numbering?
• A foal with adequate IgG levels rules out which condition?
• In a West Highland Terrier case with chronic, intermittent epistaxis, the dog is how old?
• A 18 yo Dutch warmblood is presented for mild coughing, especially when eating, and nasal discharge with feed material. What are your top DDX? (3)
• Cortisol will rule ______ Addison's.
• Moderate dehydration corresponds to which percent dehydration?
• Secondary sinusitis due to _______ bacteria will be foul smelling
• In Kona’s case, which presenting sign is explicitly listed?
• Which test result would most specifically support uroabdomen as the cause of colic?
• Kona, a 4-year-old castrated American Shorthair cat, presents with right nasal congestion, sneezing, mucopurulent discharge, epistaxis, naris non-patent, and swelling over the nose. What are your top differential diagnoses?
• GP mycosis and EIPH present with which pattern of epistaxis?
• When starting an itchy dog on an anti-inflammatory dose of prednisone, do you start on 0.5 mg/kg or 1 mg/kg?
• Which sign is most indicative of volume depletion rather than simple dehydration?
• Complete the GOAL: minimize ______ for the patient.
• Do cats have a higher risk of death under sedation and general anesthesia compared to dogs?
• Hypertonic crystalloids produce what effect on cell volume when placed in a solution with higher osmolarity than the extracellular fluid?
• Which statement about benzodiazepines' cardiovascular effects is true?
• Flaps should be incised in the middle of the teeth. Which statement is true?
• Alveolar bone removal: paint the bone off the which aspect of the tooth root?
• Reversals in sedation management are used to:
• Which description matches the observed mucous membranes and capillary refill time in the patient?
• What is the reversal agent for benzodiazepines?
• How do you approach coagulopathy in a trauma patient?
• What behavior did the dog exhibit that prompted concern?
• Cleo’s presentation includes a firm mandibular lymph node. Which statement best describes this finding?
• With an ultrasound finding of free fluid and no other obvious abnormalities, which condition is most likely the cause of colic?
• In an acute epistaxis case with mild stertor and mildly enlarged lymph nodes, which diagnostic test would be most appropriate to perform first?
• The sulcular incision around the tooth is extended by how many degrees?
• What neoplastic disease can cause epistaxis in horses?
• Which phase of fluid therapy addresses ongoing losses such as vomiting or hemorrhage?
• What was Mila's heart rate on presentation?
• What duration is characterized as short-term in the anti-inflammatory steroid dosing context given?
• Which of the following are key considerations of propofol?
• Which risk is commonly associated with hypotonic crystalloids?
• Which measure best distinguishes uroabdomen from other causes of peritoneal effusion?
• What tool is used for flap elevation?
• Which practice helps minimize adverse effects during polytrauma anesthesia?
• What are some sequela to choke?
• CO = ________ x ________
• Complete the sequence describing common respiratory complications in trauma patients: ______xemia, ______capnia, and ______ respiratory effort.
• True or False: For dogs, the risk of death under sedation is 0.07% and under GA is 0.18%.
• Is the statement 'Sedation is safer than GA as seen with the risk of death percentages' true or false?
• Which agent is described as having anticonvulsant properties?
• In volume depletion, mentation can be which of the following?
• Which agent is associated with a lower incidence of apnea among the options?
• Which statement best defines MODS?
• Which statement is true about selecting elevator sizes?
• What is the daily maintenance fluid rate for adult cats?
• Which prednisone tablet strength is not available according to the listed options?
• Remus, a 6-year-old male castrated mixed breed dog presents with chronic sneezing and bilateral nasal discharge that now has blood. What diagnostics would you perform?
• CT imaging is indicated to evaluate which structures, especially with a history of trauma?
• What is the anti-inflammatory dose of prednisolone in cats?
• Which combination of therapies would address inflammation, itch, and infection in this case?
• What is the IV shock dose for volume depletion in cats?
• Which tooth is most commonly associated with complicated crown fractures?
• What are the four phases of fluid therapy?
• Flaps should have a wide base to maintain which supply, and the incision should be made where relative to the teeth?
• Ketamine is classified as what type of drug?
• Which drug is NOT listed as an option for CRI without analgesia?
• Methadone, hydromorphone, and fentanyl are what type of opioid?